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Figures

This page provides links to all the figures that appear in the book.  Click a chapter title to view the figures in that chapter.
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Figures By Chapter
Appropriate Methods

Figure 1

Figure depicting the typology of social philosophies and conceptions of health as described in the text.

Figure 2

Figure of Typology Relating Levels of Intervention to Appropriate Evaluation Methods as described in the text.

'Science' in the Social Sciences
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Theory Development

Figure 1

Diagram depicting decision-making schema as discussed in text


Adapted from Krantz, D and Kunreuther H. "Goals and plans in decision making." Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 2, No. 3, June 2007.

Sample Surveys
Administrative Data Systems

Figure 1

Trends in Inpatient Utilization

Graph of trends in inpatient utilization as described in text

Source: Popovic JR, Hall MJ. 1999 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no 319. Hyattsville Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001.

Figure 2

Figure displaying variation in the rates of surgery among Medicare beneficiaries across 300+ hospital referral regions for 4 types of surgery; hip fracture, back surgery, knee and hip replacement, at varying levels of discretion.

"Preference-Sensitive Care: A Dartmouth Atlas Project Brief." The Dartmouth Atlas Project, January 2007.

Figure 3

Figure illustrating conceptual model of policies and market effects on providers as discussed in text

Qualitative Methods

Figure 1

Missing Phenomenon in Quantitative Research

Image depicting missing phenomenon in qualitative research as described in text. Inputs arrow[the phenomenon] Outputs arrow

Conversation Analysis

Figure 1

Phase Structure of the Acute Care Primary Visit (Based on: Byrne and Long, 1976)

Figure of the Phase Structure of the Acute Care Primary Visit as described in the text.

Software and Qualitative Analysis

Figure 1a

Diagram of the qualitative research process discussed in this section highlighting collection data.

Figure 1b

Diagram of the qualitative research process discussed in this section highlighting sorting and coding data.

Figure 1c


Diagram of the qualitative research process discussed in this section highlighting reducing data.

Figure 1d


Diagram of the qualitative research process discussed in this section highlighting displaying data.

Figure 2

Coding text using the program Atlas.ti

Shoe Factory Study example of coding in Atlas software

Source: The Coming of Machines, Copy - 1 1938-9 Mass. 1/17/39 8, Name Jane K. Leary Informant John Healey, Subject The Shoeworker of Lynn

Figure 3

A Code Hierarchy

A coding scheme of weather example as discussed in text. Weather>Precipitation>Rain, Snow, Hail.

Clinical Trials

Figure 1

Figure 1 depicts the four phases of developing a pharmaceutical drug, the length of time each phase takes and number of volunteers per phase including; Animal/Laboratory studies (4 ½ years), Phase I (15-30 volunteers) Phase II (fewer than 100 volunteers) Phase III (100s to 1000s volunteers) total about 8 ½ years, FDA approval (1 ½ years) and Phase IV (after approval).

Figure 2

Basic Trial Designs

A graphic depiction of basic trial designs including parallel,crossover and factorial as mentioned in the text. Note: Cluster randomized trials can be any of the previously mentioned designs.

Cluster Unit Randomized Trials

Figure 1.

Cluster Randomization Trials Published 1981-2003

Graph showing the growth of cluster randomization trials published from 1981 to 2003.

Source: Bland J.M. (2004) “Cluster randomised trials in the medical literature:Two bibliometric surveys.” BMC Medical Research Methodology;4: Figure 1, p: 4.

Multilevel Modeling

Figure 4

Multilevel Structure of Repeated Measurements of Individuals over Time Across Neighborhoods with Individuals Having Multiple Memberships to Different Neighborhoods Across the Time Span

Figure 4
Source: Subramanian 2004 Subramanian SV. The relevance of multilevel statistical models for identifying causal neighborhood effects. Social Science and Medicine. 2004;58:1961-1967.

Figure 10

To view the details of each neighborhood/region typology, roll your mouse over the Type areas in the image below.

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Figure 11

Figure 11

Figure 1

Typology of Studies



Exposure


t
T
Outcome
y
{y, t}
Traditional risk factor study
{y, T}
Contextual study
Y
{Y, t}(A)
{Y, T}
Ecological study
Note: (A) This type of study is impossible to specify as it stands. Practically speaking, it will either take the form of {Y, T}, i.e., ecological study, where T will now simply be central tendency of t. Or, if dis-aggregation of Y is possible, so that we can observe y, then it will be equivalent to {y, t}.

Figure 2

Figure of two level structure as described in text.

Figure 3a

Figure of panel design as described in text.

Figure 3b

 Figure of repeated cross sectional design as described in text.

Figure 3c

Figure of multivariate responses as described in text.

Figure 3d

Figure of mixed multivariate responses as discussed in text.

Figure 3e

Figure of cross classified structure as described in text.

Figure 5a

Graph of fix intercept, fixed slope

Figure 5b

Graph of random intercepts, fixed slope

Figure 5c-f

Figure of four graphs with random intercepts, random slopes with positive, negative and no relationship as discussed in text.

Figure 5

Figure of six graphs with varying intercepts and slopes as discussed in text.

Figure 6

Figure illustrating the interpretation of neighborhood heterogeneity with categorical predictor as discussed in text.

Figure 6a

Figure presenting differences between social groups but no variation between neighborhoods as described in text.

Figure 6b

Figure representing a two-level model with each of six neighborhoods having its own poor health/social class relationship as described in text.

Figure 6c

Figure illustrating that the second aspect of the neighborhood difference relates to the ordering. Thus, neighborhoods that are high for one group may be low for the other and vice versa as described in text.

Figure 7

Figure 7 portrays a range of hypothetical graphical models. In Figures 7(a)-(h), y-axis represents the poor health score and the x-axis shows the neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation index. The dashed-line represents low social class, and the solid-line represents high social class as described in text.

Figure 8a

Figure showing that regions vary significantly around the average line, such that one is high (Region-B) and one is low (Region-A), the neighborhoods within each lie close to their respective region lines as discussed in the text.

Figure 8b

Figure showing small between region and large between neighborhood-within region variation as described in the text.

Figure 8c

Figure showing significant between region and between neighborhood within region as described in text.

Figure 9

Figure describing the way in which residuals are constructed when there are two spatial levels as described in text.

Patient-Reported Outcomes
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Byrne P.S., Long B.E.L. (1976). Doctors talking to patients: A study of the verbal behaviours of doctors in the consultation. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
Byrne P.S., Long B.E.L. (1976). Doctors talking to patients: A study of the verbal behaviours of doctors in the consultation. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
Robinson J. D., Stivers T. (2001). Achieving activity transitions in primary-care encounters: From history taking to physical examination. Human Communication Research 27(2): 253-298.

Shoe Factory Study example of coding in Atlas software